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Wednesday, 2 December 2020
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1857 Revolt
Revalt of 1857
Other mass movement: 1757-1858 (mass movement) . Seed of nationalism from 1857 but national movement started from 1885.
Othere mass movement -
1- Religious movement .
2- Tribal Movement Reasons
1 - Tribal movement :- The government gave the status of Zamigari to the Saddars of the Madiwasi poets and thus weakened their advisories by applying a new line of rent. Government infiltration of government Bara Sai missionaries in Bhaditasi areas.
• Among the tribals came the Mahajanas, Tipparis and Lagaan Locks to collect locks. To tighten government control in the tan areas, ban on the use of fuel and animal feed and ban on Jhum agriculture, Kunwar Suresh Singh has given this movement in three phases -
(A) First Varka: In the first phase, the tribals by the British In the areas, due to handcuffs and the improvement works there, the Tadoun movement started.
Objective: Reestablishment of earlier system -
Khaond Rebellion: Khoj tribes from Tamil Nadu to Bengal and Central India. Kelly P. (1037 - 1856) . Causation - imposition of taxation, ban on culture etc., ban on male sacrifice Leader - Ascended Lissoi, later Radhakrishta Dand Sen also stormed .
Santhal Rebellion: Tribes between Bhagalpur to Rajmahal hills - 1855-1056).
Reason - The rebellion caused due to dissatisfaction with the land tax authorities against the oppression of land tax officials and police, amicers and recoveries. Began. The non-tribesmen were called the Dichha leaders - Sishtra and Kanhu (hanging). The government put a martial force to crush the rebellion of the Sanghals.
- Pahadiya Rebellion: Insurgent on the hills of Rajmahal (1778) Insurgency: Religious sects in the northern Sangal It was started by Karam Shah (1925). Its leadership was started by Tipu against the Rajmidars. At the barrage of toddy production in Rampa region of Anya, Leader - Timma Shora - Koya Rebellion: AP (1879-80 ) .
Ahim Vihoh
Munda Widdoh
(1893 - 1900 ) :-
Jharkhand Traditional Land System - Sukkatti. Mundari Dhi. Angosho changed this system to the Zamidari system, which led to the rebellion.
Under the leadership of Virsa - Munda .
Rampa Rebellion :- Rampa area BIC in the Godavari district of AP enacted a forest law which caused dissatisfaction among the Rampa tribes. (Jungle Law) Godhiji as Jungle Satyagraha in Gutor district .Under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju .
Pench Vidah : - AP in Gutaur area in Foreest Satyagrah Rebellion (1920) .
Movement Tanabat revolt (Movement): Chota Nagpur (at that time) Pajtara Bhagat, Balram Bhagat, Devmania Bhagat, led by the Fakirs, started a revolt on the neuass of Tax Ramusi Rebellion: Revolt against British policy (1882) .
Utara - were the people of the Western Ghats region, they used to do 'Job' in the under Maratha (Maharashtra) led by Sardar Singh .
Khasi Vihoh : Under the leadership of Uma ji, between Khasi and Sylhet under the leadership of Sardar Kirath Singh, the Shunjatis of Meghalaya. The British devised a road plan, against which it was winnowed.
In 1933, Bheganekho gave it medicine.
Ahom Vihoh: The medicine was administered in 1930 under the leadership of Gomadharkuntar (1828).
Nama Rebellion: The Year Girl ore hanged under the leadership of Rog Meijdinang, later started by Gadnilue.
Gadkari Rebellion: Civil Disobedience of Mahatma Gandhi Gadkari Rebellion: Gadkari used to set up Marathas in the fort (1844). After the fall of Marathas, this tigoh was started in Maharashtra Kolhapur area JL Neha at Shani. A title under the leadership of Krishtha Das.
'Velutapi :- A Siwan in Kerala and when he was removed, he was assisted by a treaty, which led to Tihoh and the English shot and killed Fosi.
Kittur Chennamma: Was the local ruler.
Rani Kitur Chennamma, with the help of Ramappa, met the British because they were not given the post after her husband's death. Guru Ram Singh started this movement to remove the Buraiyo. It was a religious movement. Bhagat Tahar Mal was also called as Sian Saheb, which later became a political movement. After that, the re-disciple Balak Singh was also joined. Later Ram Singh Thula was imprisoned and sent to Rangoon, where his death .
1857 rebellion :-
The beginning of this revolt from 10 May 1957 Meerut.
Governor - Lord Canning 
Political Causes - Lord Dalhousie's hadp policy (Acetosonu sighs) Under this policy the right of adoption of the territorial ruler of India was taken away.
And his empire was found in the British Empire in the name of his original Uttaradhiri
• At this time Mughal ruler - Bahadur Shah Afar was the ruler of the name Maal in the name of O BIC, which he started exploiting which triggered public outrage. The British government stopped the speeches, which triggered outrage in the local government). eg: Nana Saheb of Kanpur .
• British officials considered Indians as untimely due to which they were very angry. Displeasure also arose from Lord Telejali's help treaty.
Qithi 1803 - 1657
Religious reasons:
Indian deities were mocked.
• Encouraged poor Varnas to accept Christianity.
• Allowed Christian missionaries to propagate in India.
Military reasons: discrimination against Indian soldiers, discrimination in food in Tetan also
• Lord Canning sent Indian soldiers to war in other countries as well.
Lord Canning despised the uniformed cartridge. eg: Mangalpande
- On March 29, 1857,
Mangal Pandey killed Lieutenant Sag and Lieutenant General Usan in the Hatni of Vairakpur and Mangan Ghande was later hanged on 8 April 187. Mangalpande was a resident of Ghazipur (Ballia). - On May 10, 1857, The rebellion resumed from Meerut to North India. Sath of the Meerut soldiers: 20NT infantry .
- On 11 May 1857, Bahadur Shah Zafar, the leader of the rebellion in Delhi, was taken away from the English of Delhi.
Bahadur Shah Zafar was imprisoned and sent to Rangoon. (Allied - Khamt Kha) - On 20 September 1857, The British oppressed Delhi. The Delhi uprising was suppressed by Nicholson and Isan Angujo. 34 - Soon 1857 rebellion took place in Lucknow under the leadership of
Begum Hazrat Mahal (Mehak Pari). The bridge gave the title of Awadh to Virajas Kajir. She went to Nepal after the Vegam revolt. Colin Campbell stifled Vihoh. - On 5 June 1857, Kanpur revolted under the leadership of Nana Saheb and Tatya Tope. Colin Campbell medicated Tihoh.
- After this, there was a rebellion with Tatyatope in Tihoh, Jhansi. General Euron administered Vieh.
Revolt of Bihar -
Headed by Titroh of Faizabad 30th - Maulvi Ahmadullah General Renard .
Revolt of Allahabad - Liaquat Ali Karnal Neel
Bareilly Revolt - Khan Bahadur .
• The number of Indians was reduced or restructured Peel Mitti century results of 1857:
• ETC rule over 1850 Act was implemented. The rule was handed over to reen. The post of Secretary of India was started. Agent of British crown in India name changea Viceroy. Interpretation of the Causes of 1857 .
• Victoria implied that she would not intervene in the case of Indians. On the recommendation of the commission, the units of the military were divided into regiments.
Natwe of 1857 Revolt
• Michel. T. D. Savarkar - National Movement .
• R.C. Majumdan - neither the first nor the stalwart struggle, it was a reaction.
• SN Sen-1857 Revolt Official Historian .
• This awakened the inspiration of nationalism among Indians .
Tribal Movement:
• Wahabi Movement- Muslim Reform Movement to liberate Muslim society from corrupt, religious, modalities, Abdul Wahan made popular in North West India, Central India India - Syed Ahmed Raibareilly Followers. Allowed and lived like the army itself.
After taking possession of Peshawar and running coins in his own name, Patna became the main center after the death of Raibareli.
Liaquat Ali Linayat Ali, Maulvi Qasim, Adulla were aiming to free India from the British rule and establish a Muslim state.
Colonialism or Phase: Sacio, Religious Movement 19th century social, social, religious reforms of the Renaissance Question: What was the trend (system) of the 19th century religious movements? To improve social, religious traditions, devolution systems were used. For example, one of the reformists was of the opinion that in order to make the master of reform it is necessary that it should be developed from within the society itself.
Their efforts were focused on creating gardening among the people. For this, emphasis was placed on publication of books, discussion on social problems etc. like - Rajaram Mohan Roy's propaganda against the practice of Sati, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar supported the legalism etc. This is called internal correction system.
A second section of the reformists believed that mere creation of caste would not be a fulfillment but emphasized the implementation of reforms. For example, the supporters of this vote put pressure on the government to abolish social evils.
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar oftalarias fafafej alet it Supporters of third ideology by anti-people activities like- Young Bengal Movement An Online Institution ..Rajaram Mohan Rai Vaham Samaj
• Bengal Reform Movement - 
Rajaram Mohan Roy First time] Forerunner of Renaissance - Rajaram Mohan Roy (bridges of past and present]
Rajaram Mohan Roy First time] Forerunner of Renaissance - Rajaram Mohan Roy (bridges of past and present]
• Father of Indian nationalism
• Promoter of the reform movement Navamarat, xidge cast ord fururu, father of modern India - born in Radhanagar (Hooghly, Bengal) Service - Started job in EIC. Had knowledge of many languages. Social sector - Pahu marriage system, prostitute marriage, Pahu marriage system, prostitute marriage, Sati practice, got Vedanta darshan to the Indians.
Wrote book in Persian - 
Tuhfat sl Mutahidin ( Gift to monotheists) Murthy Pushpa La protested at the age of 15 for propagating a country monotheism in 1815 a sapma - Mamiyasama ava, the deity propagated the Bauhar Yarma in Nepal. Eklog opposed the caste system.
Tuhfat sl Mutahidin ( Gift to monotheists) Murthy Pushpa La protested at the age of 15 for propagating a country monotheism in 1815 a sapma - Mamiyasama ava, the deity propagated the Bauhar Yarma in Nepal. Eklog opposed the caste system.
In 1810 - Vedanta Society work - Equal Aryan accepted the principles of immortality of the soul of Karama Vedanta, familiar with Vedanto in Sampad) In Sh - Unitary Committee was established .
Atmanirbhar Bharat Mission
Atmanirbhar bharat or Self - Reliant India Mission ' is the vision of the prime minister of india Narendra Modi of making india a self - reliant nation . This mission cameup in the form of the ' Atmanirbhar bharat abhiyan ' or self - reliant india mission ' during the announcement of the coronavirus pandemic related economic package on 12th May 2020.
- This self - reliant policy does not aim that to be protectionist in nature and as the finance minister clarified , " self - reliant india does not mean cutting off from the rest of the world .
- Ravi shankar prasad [ law and IT minister ]said that self - reliance does not mean isolating away from the world.
- Foreign direct investment is welcome , technology is welcome self - reliant india .
✔ Initiatives :-
Atmanirbhar bharat package is very numerous government decisions have taken place such as changing the definition of MSME
[Ministry of Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises is a brach of Government of India], boosting scope for private participation in numerous sector , increasing FDI
[Foreign direct investment] in the defence sector and the vision has found support in the many of the sector such as solar manufacture sector .
☑ Examples of Initiatives which helped Atmanirbhar Bharat :
- The growth of india personal protective equipement [PPE] sector from zero before march to 1,50,000 pieces by the beginning of May .
- The largest fund in the country worth Rs.21,000 crore was setup by the IIT Alumni Council[Indian Institute of Technology Alumni Council ] with the aim of supporting the mission towards self - reliance ..
- India's own 'Made in india ' 5G network was also announced in july 2020 by Reliance Jio .
- Mukesh Ambani[Mukesh Dhirubhai Ambani is an indian billonaire buisness magnate ad the chairman , manging director and largest shareholder of Reliance limited ]announced in mid term of july ' Jio ' has created a complete 5G solution from scratch , that will enable us to launch a world - class 5G service in india , and they were using 100 percent homegrown technologies and solutions .
- In month of july 2020 , it was announced that Applewould manufacture one of their premium iPhone models in India.
- In month of August 2020 , the Defence Minister Rajnath Singh announced that the Defence Ministry is now readyfor a big push to 'Atmanirbhar Bharat Initiative' .
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Lord Gautma Buddha
गौतम बुद्ध
(जन्म 563 ईसा पूर्व – निर्वाण 483 ईसा पूर्व) एक श्रमण थे जिनकी शिक्षाओं पर बौद्ध धर्म का प्रचलन हुआ।
इनका जन्म लुंबिनी में 563 ईसा पूर्व इक्ष्वाकु वंशीय क्षत्रिय शाक्य कुल के राजा शुद्धोधन के घर में हुआ था। उनकी माँ का नाम महामाया था जो कोलीय वंश से थीं, जिनका इनके जन्म के सात दिन बाद निधन हुआ, उनका पालन महारानी की छोटी सगी बहन महाप्रजापती गौतमी ने किया। सिद्धार्थ विवाहोपरांत एक मात्र प्रथम नवजात शिशु राहुल और धर्मपत्नी यशोधरा को त्यागकर संसार को जरा, मरण, दुखों से मुक्ति दिलाने के मार्ग एवं सत्य दिव्य ज्ञान की खोज में रात्रि में राजपाठ का मोह त्यागकर वन की ओर चले गए। वर्षों की कठोर साधना के पश्चात बोध गया (बिहार) में बोधि वृक्ष के नीचे उन्हें ज्ञान की प्राप्ति हुई और वे सिद्धार्थ गौतम से भगवान बुद्ध बन गए।
जीवन वृत्त
उनका जन्म 563 ईस्वी पूर्व के बीच शाक्य गणराज्य की तत्कालीन राजधानी कपिलवस्तु के निकट लुम्बिनी में हुआ था, जो नेपाल में है। लुम्बिनी वन नेपाल के तराई क्षेत्र में कपिलवस्तु और देवदह के बीच नौतनवा स्टेशन से 8 मील दूर पश्चिम में रुक्मिनदेई नामक स्थान के पास स्थित था। कपिलवस्तु की महारानी महामाया देवी के अपने नैहर देवदह जाते हुए रास्ते में प्रसव पीड़ा हुई और वहीं उन्होंने एक बालक को जन्म दिया। शिशु का नाम सिद्धार्थ रखा गया। गौतम गोत्र में जन्म लेने के कारण वे गौतम भी कहलाए। क्षत्रिय राजा शुद्धोधन उनके पिता थे। परंपरागत कथा के अनुसार सिद्धार्थ की माता का उनके जन्म के सात दिन बाद निधन हो गया था। उनका पालन पोषण उनकी मौसी और शुद्दोधन की दूसरी रानी महाप्रजावती (गौतमी)ने किया। शिशु का नाम सिद्धार्थ दिया गया, जिसका अर्थ है "वह जो सिद्धी प्राप्ति के लिए जन्मा हो"। जन्म समारोह के दौरान, साधु द्रष्टा आसित ने अपने पहाड़ के निवास से घोषणा की- बच्चा या तो एक महान राजा या एक महान पवित्र पथ प्रदर्शक बनेगा। शुद्दोधन ने पांचवें दिन एक नामकरण समारोह आयोजित किया और आठ ब्राह्मण विद्वानों को भविष्य पढ़ने के लिए आमंत्रित किया। सभी ने एक सी दोहरी भविष्यवाणी की, कि बच्चा या तो एक महान राजा या एक महान पवित्र आदमी बनेगा। दक्षिण मध्य नेपाल में स्थित लुंबिनी में उस स्थल पर महाराज अशोक ने तीसरी शताब्दी ईसा पूर्व बुद्ध के जन्म की स्मृति में एक स्तम्भ बनवाया था। बुद्ध का जन्म दिवस व्यापक रूप से थएरावदा देशों में मनाया जाता है। सुद्धार्थ का मन वचपन से ही करुणा और दया का स्रोत था। इसका परिचय उनके आरंभिक जीवन की अनेक घटनाओं से पता चलता है। घुड़दौड़ में जब घोड़े दौड़ते और उनके मुँह से झाग निकलने लगता तो सिद्धार्थ उन्हें थका जानकर वहीं रोक देता और जीती हुई बाजी हार जाता। खेल में भी सिद्धार्थ को खुद हार जाना पसंद था क्योंकि किसी को हराना और किसी का दुःखी होना उससे नहीं देखा जाता था। सिद्धार्थ ने चचेरे भाई देवदत्त द्वारा तीर से घायल किए गए हंस की सहायता की और उसके प्राणों की रक्षा की।
राजा शुद्धोधन ने सिद्धार्थ के लिए भोग-विलास का भरपूर प्रबंध कर दिया। तीन ऋतुओं के लायक तीन सुंदर महल बनवा दिए। वहाँ पर नाच-गान और मनोरंजन की सारी सामग्री जुटा दी गई। दास-दासी उसकी सेवा में रख दिए गए। पर ये सब चीजें सिद्धार्थ को संसार में बाँधकर नहीं रख सकीं। वसंत ऋतु में एक दिन सिद्धार्थ बगीचे की सैर पर निकले। उन्हें सड़क पर एक बूढ़ा आदमी दिखाई दिया। उसके दाँत टूट गए थे, बाल पक गए थे, शरीर टेढ़ा हो गया था। हाथ में लाठी पकड़े धीरे-धीरे काँपता हुआ वह सड़क पर चल रहा था। दूसरी बार कुमार जब बगीचे की सैर को निकला, तो उसकी आँखों के आगे एक रोगी आ गया। उसकी साँस तेजी से चल रही थी। कंधे ढीले पड़ गए थे। बाँहें सूख गई थीं। पेट फूल गया था। चेहरा पीला पड़ गया था। दूसरे के सहारे वह बड़ी मुश्किल से चल पा रहा था। तीसरी बार सिद्धार्थ को एक अर्थी मिली। चार आदमी उसे उठाकर लिए जा रहे थे। पीछे-पीछे बहुत से लोग थे। कोई रो रहा था, कोई छाती पीट रहा था, कोई अपने बाल नोच रहा था। इन दृश्यों ने सिद्धार्थ को बहुत विचलित किया। उन्होंने सोचा कि ‘धिक्कार है जवानी को, जो जीवन को सोख लेती है। धिक्कार है स्वास्थ्य को, जो शरीर को नष्ट कर देता है। धिक्कार है जीवन को, जो इतनी जल्दी अपना अध्याय पूरा कर देता है। क्या बुढ़ापा, बीमारी और मौत सदा इसी तरह होती रहेगी सौम्य? चौथी बार कुमार बगीचे की सैर को निकला, तो उसे एक संन्यासी दिखाई पड़ा। संसार की सारी भावनाओं और कामनाओं से मुक्त प्रसन्नचित्त संन्यासी ने सिद्धार्थ को आकृष्ट किया।
महाभिनिष्क्रमण
सुंदर पत्नी यशोधरा, दुधमुँहे राहुल और कपिलवस्तु जैसे राज्य का मोह छोड़कर सिद्धार्थ तपस्या के लिए चल पड़े। वह राजगृह पहुँचे। वहाँ भिक्षा माँगी। सिद्धार्थ घूमते-घूमते आलार कालाम और उद्दक रामपुत्र के पास पहुँचे। उनसे योग-साधना सीखी। समाधि लगाना सीखा। पर उससे उसे संतोष नहीं हुआ। वह उरुवेला पहुँचे और वहाँ पर तरह-तरह से तपस्या करने लगे।
सिद्धार्थ ने पहले तो केवल तिल-चावल खाकर तपस्या शुरू की, बाद में कोई भी आहार लेना बंद कर दिया। शरीर सूखकर काँटा हो गया। छः साल बीत गए तपस्या करते हुए। सिद्धार्थ की तपस्या सफल नहीं हुई। शांति हेतु बुद्ध का मध्यम मार्ग : एक दिन कुछ स्त्रियाँ किसी नगर से लौटती हुई वहाँ से निकलीं, जहाँ सिद्धार्थ तपस्या कर रहा थे। उनका एक गीत सिद्धार्थ के कान में पड़ा- ‘वीणा के तारों को ढीला मत छोड़ दो। ढीला छोड़ देने से उनका सुरीला स्वर नहीं निकलेगा। पर तारों को इतना कसो भी मत कि वे टूट जाएँ।’ बात सिद्धार्थ को जँच गई। वह मान गये कि नियमित आहार-विहार से ही योग सिद्ध होता है। अति किसी बात की अच्छी नहीं। किसी भी प्राप्ति के लिए मध्यम मार्ग ही ठीक होता है ओर इसके लिए कठोर तपस्या करनी पड़ती है।
ज्ञान की प्राप्ति
बुद्ध के प्रथम गुरु आलार कलाम थे,जिनसे उन्होंने संन्यास काल में शिक्षा प्राप्त की। ३५ वर्ष की आयु में वैशाखी पूर्णिमा के दिन सिद्धार्थ पीपल वृक्ष के नीचे ध्यानस्थ थे। बुद्ध ने बोधगया में निरंजना नदी के तट पर कठोर तपस्या की तथा सुजाता नामक लड़की के हाथों खीर खाकर उपवास तोड़ा। समीपवर्ती गाँव की एक स्त्री सुजाता को पुत्र हुआ।वह बेटे के लिए एक पीपल वृक्ष से मन्नत पूरी करने के लिए सोने के थाल में गाय के दूध की खीर भरकर पहुँची। सिद्धार्थ वहाँ बैठा ध्यान कर रहा था। उसे लगा कि वृक्षदेवता ही मानो पूजा लेने के लिए शरीर धरकर बैठे हैं। सुजाता ने बड़े आदर से सिद्धार्थ को खीर भेंट की और कहा- ‘जैसे मेरी मनोकामना पूरी हुई, उसी तरह आपकी भी हो।’ उसी रात को ध्यान लगाने पर सिद्धार्थ की साधना सफल हुई। उसे सच्चा बोध हुआ। तभी से सिद्धार्थ 'बुद्ध' कहलाए। जिस पीपल वृक्ष के नीचे सिद्धार्थ को बोध मिला वह बोधिवृक्ष कहलाया और गया का समीपवर्ती वह स्थान बोधगया।
धर्म-चक्र-प्रवर्तन
वे 80 वर्ष की उम्र तक अपने धर्म का संस्कृत के बजाय उस समय की सीधी सरल लोकभाषा पाली में प्रचार करते रहे। उनके सीधे सरल धर्म की लोकप्रियता तेजी से बढ़ने लगी। चार सप्ताह तक बोधिवृक्ष के नीचे रहकर धर्म के स्वरूप का चिंतन करने के बाद बुद्ध धर्म का उपदेश करने निकल पड़े। आषाढ़ की पूर्णिमा को वे काशी के पास मृगदाव (वर्तमान में सारनाथ) पहुँचे। वहीं पर उन्होंने सर्वप्रथम धर्मोपदेश दिया और प्रथम पाँच मित्रों को अपना अनुयायी बनाया और फिर उन्हें धर्म प्रचार करने के लिये भेज दिया। महाप्रजापती गौतमी (बुद्ध की विमाता) को सर्वप्रथम बौद्ध संघ मे प्रवेश मिला।आनंद,बुद्ध का प्रिय शिष्य था। बुद्ध आनंद को ही संबोधित करके अपने उपदेश देते थे।
पालि सिद्धांत के महापरिनिर्वाण सुत्त के अनुसार ८० वर्ष की आयु में बुद्ध ने घोषणा की कि वे जल्द ही परिनिर्वाण के लिए रवाना होंगे। बुद्ध ने अपना आखिरी भोजन, जिसे उन्होंने कुन्डा नामक एक लोहार से एक भेंट के रूप में प्राप्त किया था, ग्रहण लिया जिसके कारण वे गंभीर रूप से बीमार पड़ गये। बुद्ध ने अपने शिष्य आनंद को निर्देश दिया कि वह कुन्डा को समझाए कि उसने कोई गलती नहीं की है। उन्होने कहा कि यह भोजन अतुल्य है।
उपदेश
भगवान बुद्ध ने लोगों को मध्यम मार्ग का उपदेश किया। उन्होंने दुःख, उसके कारण और निवारण के लिए अष्टांगिक मार्ग सुझाया। उन्होंने अहिंसा पर बहुत जोर दिया है। उन्होंने यज्ञ और पशु-बलि की निंदा की। बुद्ध के उपदेशों का सार इस प्रकार है -
- महात्मा बुद्ध ने सनातन धरम के कुछ संकल्पनाओं का प्रचार किया, जैसे अग्निहोत्र तथा गायत्री मन्त्र
- ध्यान तथा अन्तर्दृष्टि
- मध्यमार्ग का अनुसरण
- चार आर्य सत्य
- अष्टांग मार्ग
बौद्ध धर्म एवं संघ
बुद्ध के धर्म प्रचार से भिक्षुओं की संख्या बढ़ने लगी। बड़े-बड़े राजा-महाराजा भी उनके शिष्य बनने लगे। भिक्षुओं की संख्या बहुत बढ़ने पर बौद्ध संघ की स्थापना की गई। बाद में लोगों के आग्रह पर बुद्ध ने स्त्रियों को भी संघ में ले लेने के लिए अनुमति दे दी, यद्यपि इसे उन्होंने उतना अच्छा नहीं माना। भगवान बुद्ध ने ‘बहुजन हिताय’ लोककल्याण के लिए अपने धर्म का देश-विदेश में प्रचार करने के लिए भिक्षुओं को इधर-उधर भेजा। अशोक आदि सम्राटों ने भी विदेशों में बौद्ध धर्म के प्रचार में अपनी अहम् भूमिका निभाई। मौर्यकाल तक आते-आते भारत से निकलकर बौद्ध धर्म चीन, जापान, कोरिया, मंगोलिया, बर्मा, थाईलैंड, हिंद चीन, श्रीलंका आदि में फैल चुका था। इन देशों में बौद्ध धर्म बहुसंख्यक धर्म है।
गौतम बुद्ध - अन्य धर्मों की दृष्टि में
हिन्दू धर्म में
- हिन्दू धर्म में भगवान बुद्ध
Atmanirbhar Bharat Mission
Atmanirbhar Bharat Mission
Atmanirbhar bharat or Self - Reliant India Mission ' is the vision of the prime minister of india Narendra Modi of making india a self - reliant nation . This mission cameup in the form of the ' Atmanirbhar bharat abhiyan ' or self - reliant india mission ' during the announcement of the coronavirus pandemic related economic package on 12th May 2020.
- This self - reliant policy does not aim that to be protectionist in nature and as the finance minister clarified , " self - reliant india does not mean cutting off from the rest of the world .
- Ravi shankar prasad [ law and IT minister ]said that self - reliance does not mean isolating away from the world.
- Foreign direct investment is welcome , technology is welcome self - reliant india .
✔ Initiatives :-
Atmanirbhar bharat package is very numerous government decisions have taken place such as changing the definition of MSME[Ministry of Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises is a brach of Government of India], boosting scope for private participation in numerous sector , increasing FDI[Foreign direct investment] in the defence sector and the vision has found support in the many of the sector such as solar manufacture sector .
☑ Examples of Initiatives which helped Atmanirbhar Bharat :
- The growth of india personal protective equipement [PPE] sector from zero before march to 1,50,000 pieces by the beginning of May .
- The largest fund in the country worth Rs.21,000 crore was setup by the IIT Alumni Council[Indian Institute of Technology Alumni Council ] with the aim of supporting the mission towards self - reliance ..
- India's own 'Made in india ' 5G network was also announced in july 2020 by Reliance Jio .
- Mukesh Ambani[Mukesh Dhirubhai Ambani is an indian billonaire buisness magnate ad the chairman , manging director and largest shareholder of Reliance limited ]announced in mid term of july ' Jio ' has created a complete 5G solution from scratch , that will enable us to launch a world - class 5G service in india , and they were using 100 percent homegrown technologies and solutions .
- In month of july 2020 , it was announced that Applewould manufacture one of their premium iPhone models in India.
- In month of August 2020 , the Defence Minister Rajnath Singh announced that the Defence Ministry is now readyfor a big push to 'Atmanirbhar Bharat Initiative' .
UPSC Polity Notes
Governance and Administration [Ruling) (Administration] .
There are some basic differences between governance and administration. Governance Administration Governance is elected. Administration is appointed. Governance is given a fixed term. - Administration is given a permanent term. Goes. The principle of penalty attempt to do is given. Under this, the terms of governance have been disbanded in 3 parts. (Legislative Assembly) The judiciary punishes the culprits.
The executive has two parts - the political executive & the administrative executive.
World's type of governance system .
Monanchy? -
Monarchy or ancient governance system. In Saudi Arabia, Brunei, and the UAE, the only European countries still formally maintain the monarchy. But its powers are limited. Democratic governments in these countries are masters.
Is in - Britain - Portugal - Spain. - Denmark - Sweden.
Democracy:-
According to Abraham Lincoln, Democracy is a government of the people for the people by the people. The oldest parliament in the world. Britain's Parliament is called the mother of democracy.
Switzerland is called the 'House of Democracy'! Holist Republic] - She is elected the head of the ruling nation.
USA is the first republic of the modern era. Parmarat and USA are republics but not considered because the Crown inheritance at home.
Communist Ruling System :-
In these countries all the powers are in the hands of communists. Democratic elections are not held. Communist Party's treh on Polit bureau of Central committee is the only survey. The public is given the right to vote only at the local level. Currently, this system of governance prevails in China, Mongolia, North Korea, Vietnam and Cuba.
The same system was in the Soviet Union (USSRI, East Germany, Poland, Austria, Nari, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia until 1991. 1 TERMET (Autocracy?) In this type of governance, all the faults are in the hands of a person. African This system is prevalent in countries except The Africa).
Head of State vs. Head of Government :-
The Head of State is formally considered a constitutional head. The President is the President of India. The head of government has real powers. The Prime Minister is the lust head in India.
In the USA, both these positions are with the President.
Parliamentary vs Presidential democracy :-
In parliamentary democracy, all the powers are in the hands of a group called the Council of Ministers. India and Britain are parliamentary democracies. In unilateral democracy, all the powers are in the hands of a practitioner. Like - President of America.
Nation country State Province A state of the nation is a set of land and culture. India has been a nation ragh for centuries, but the feeling of nationalism keeps government .
Sovereignty -
When a state is completely independent in formulating its internal policies and there is no external pressure on it, it is called Sampramu. Iraq and Afghanistan may be independent but not entirely sovereign.
Police State / Regulatory State :-
This type of state is limited only to maintain the canal system. The highest emphasis is on observance of laws. The British state was a police state. Public welfare state Enelfore state].
Due to the maintenance of public welfare state law and order - the government is also responsible for the social and economic interests of the people. This concept has been practiced by the President of USA, Franklin d 700sevelt [1933-45] Indian, since Mauryan period.
Among the provinces, the maximum 54 representatives were elected from the United Provinces (UP). The most representative among the princely states - elected from Mysore. There was no representative of Hyderabad. The first meeting of the Constitution .
Took place on 1946. The last meeting was held on 190- 1950. Construction of the constitution was completed on 6 NOV . In this way, in the constitution year, 1 month, 18 days, 6 deaths and expenses were spent in constitution making. All the meetings were held in the Central Hall of Parliament and 165 meetings were held for the constitution of our constitution. The 240th session took place on 240. 1950. Signed wise complete of members. In which Maan was chosen as the permanent .
Unwritten and written constitution -
[Constitution] Constitution supreme law of a country? All of them conform to the constitution. The constitution is framed by the people's representatives, it represents the public expectations.
Kanan (Vihi) is performed by the Nemani Vidyaika. All rules are as per ear. Western countries have adopted rules and regulations as a tradition. The written constitution is prepared by the public representatives at the same time. The USA created the first written constitution of the world.
India also has a constitutionally written constitution.
The Constitution of Britain is governed. The rigid and flexible constitution created by Norhm in different periods - the rigid constitution cannot …
About
The Way Of A Life Of Politics .
What is politics ? Politics is only the word of multifaceted . Politics is only the way of people living in groups make decisions . Politics is about making agreements between people so that they can live together in groups such as tribes , cities or countries . In other words the large group such as counties , some people may spend a lot of their time making such agreements . these people are called politicians .
Politicians and sometimes people make together to form a government . The study of politics in universities is called political science , political studies and public administration .
Government ? A government in which the system or group of people governing an organized community .
In the case of the broad associative definition , government normally consists of legislature ,executive and judiciary .
Government is only the means of by which organizational policies are enforced , as well as mechanism for determining policy . Each kind of government has an kind of constitution , an statement of its governing principles and philosophy .
- The Government do things such as :-
- They decide that which of the people get which piece of land .
- They decide which of the people can tell other people what to do .
- They decide to go to war with another country .
- They build things for the whole group such as roads , hospitals , libraries and docks .
- Take care of the very young , the sick , or the very old .
- Educate people
Political parties ? A political party is an organized group of people who have the same ideology , or who otherwise have the same the political position , and who field candidates for elections , in an attempt to get them elected and there by implement the party's agenda . Some examples of parties are the Liberal party , the Labor party and the Greens .
What is international politics ? The international politics constiute and interactions among nations . As in politics , so in international politics , there are sovereign states whose interests are not identical . those interests of the sovereign state are called national interest .
Made by Apoorva Sharma
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